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Divisibility Rules For Prime Divisors
The study of methods that can be used to determine whether a number is divisible by other numbers is an important topic in elementary number theory.
These are shortcuts for testing the factors of a number without resorting to division calculations.
The rules transform the divisibility of a given number by a divisor into the divisibility of a smaller number by the same divisor.
If the result is not obvious after applying it once, the rule should be applied again to the smaller number.
In children’s math textbooks we will usually find the divisibility rules for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11.
Even finding the divisibility rule for 7 in these books is a rarity.
In this article, we present the divisibility rules of prime numbers in general and apply them to particular cases, for prime numbers, less than 50.
We present the rules with examples, in a simple way, to follow, understand and apply.
Divisibility rule for any prime divisor ‘p’:
Consider multiples of ‘p’ until (least multiple of ‘p’ + 1) is a multiple of 10, so one tenth of (least multiple of ‘p’ + 1) is a number natural.
Let’s say this natural number is ‘n’.
Thus, n = one tenth of (least multiple of ‘p’ + 1).
Find (p – n) too.
Example (i):
Let 7 be the prime divisor.
Multiples of 7 are 1×7, 2×7, 3×7, 4×7, 5×7, 6×7,
7×7 (including 7×7 = 49 and 49+1=50 is a multiple of 10).
So ‘n’ for 7 is a tenth of (least multiple of ‘p’ + 1) = (1/10)50 = 5
‘pn’ = 7 – 5 = 2.
Example (ii):
Let 13 be the prime divisor.
Multiples of 13 are 1×13, 2×13,
3×13 (Including 3×13 = 39 and 39+1=40 is a multiple of 10).
So ‘n’ for 13 is a tenth of (least multiple of ‘p’ + 1) = (1/10)40 = 4
‘pn’ = 13 – 4 = 9.
The values of ‘n’ and ‘pn’ for other prime numbers less than 50 are given below.
pn pn
7 5 2
13 4 9
17 12 5
19 2 17
23 7 16
29 3 26
31 28 3
37 26 11
41 37 4
43 13 30
47 33 14
After finding ‘n’ and ‘p-n’, the divisibility rule is:
To find out if a number is divisible by ‘p’, take the last digit of the number, multiply it by ‘n’ and add it to the rest of the number.
or multiply it by ‘(p – n)’ and subtract it from the rest of the number.
If you get an answer divisible by ‘p’ (including zero), then the original number is divisible by ‘p’.
If you don’t know the divisibility of the new number, you can apply the rule again.
So to form the rule we have to choose ‘n’ or ‘p-n’.
Usually we choose the lower of the two.
Armed with this knowledge, let us state the divisibility rule for 7.
For 7, pn (= 2) is less than n (= 5).
Divisibility rule for 7:
To find out if a number is divisible by 7, take the last digit, multiply it by two, and subtract it from the rest of the number.
If you get an answer divisible by 7 (including zero), then the original number is divisible by 7.
If you don’t know the divisibility of the new number, you can apply the rule again.
Example 1:
Find if 49875 is divisible by 7 or not.
The solution :
To check if 49875 is divisible by 7:
Twice the last digit = 2 x 5 = 10; Rest of the number = 4987
Subtraction, 4987 – 10 = 4977
To check if 4977 is divisible by 7:
Twice the last digit = 2 x 7 = 14; Rest of the number = 497
Subtraction, 497 – 14 = 483
To check if 483 is divisible by 7:
Twice the last digit = 2 x 3 = 6; Rest of the number = 48
By subtracting, 48 – 6 = 42 is divisible by 7. ( 42 = 6 x 7 )
So 49875 is divisible by 7. Rep.
Let us now state the divisibility rule for 13.
For 13, n (= 4) is less than pn (= 9).
Divisibility rule for 13:
To find out if a number is divisible by 13, take the last digit, multiply it by 4, and add it to the rest of the number.
If you get an answer divisible by 13 (including zero), then the original number is divisible by 13.
If you don’t know the divisibility of the new number, you can apply the rule again.
Example 2:
Find if 46371 is divisible by 13 or not.
The solution :
To check if 46371 is divisible by 13:
4 x last digit = 4 x 1 = 4; Rest of the number = 4637
Adding, 4637 + 4 = 4641
To check if 4641 is divisible by 13:
4 x last digit = 4 x 1 = 4; Rest of the number = 464
Adding, 464 + 4 = 468
To check if 468 is divisible by 13:
4 x last digit = 4 x 8 = 32; Rest of the number = 46
Adding, 46 + 32 = 78 is divisible by 13. ( 78 = 6 x 13 )
(if you wish, you can apply the rule again, here. 4×8 + 7 = 39 = 3 x 13)
So 46371 is divisible by 13. Rep.
Now let’s state the divisibility rules for 19 and 31.
for 19, n = 2 is more convenient than (p – n) = 17.
So, divisibility rule for 19 is as follows.
To find out if a number is divisible by 19, take the last digit, multiply it by 2, and add it to the rest of the number.
If you get an answer divisible by 19 (including zero), then the original number is divisible by 19.
If you don’t know the divisibility of the new number, you can apply the rule again.
For 31, (p – n) = 3 is more convenient than n = 28.
So, divisibility rule for 31 is as follows.
To find out if a number is divisible by 31, take the last digit, multiply it by 3, and subtract it from the rest of the number.
If you get an answer divisible by 31 (including zero), then the original number is divisible by 31.
If you don’t know the divisibility of the new number, you can apply the rule again.
Thus, we can define the divisibility rule for any prime divisor.
The search method for ‘n’ given above can also be extended to prime numbers greater than 50.
Before ending the article, let’s see the proof of the divisibility rule for 7
Divisibility proof rule for 7:
Let ‘D’ ( > 10 ) be the dividend.
Let D1 be the units digit and D2 the remainder of the number of D.
i.e. D = D1 + 10D2
We have to prove
(i) if D2 – 2D1 is divisible by 7, then D is also divisible by 7
and (ii) if D is divisible by 7, then D2 – 2D1 is also divisible by 7.
Proof of (i):
D2 – 2D1 is divisible by 7.
So D2 – 2D1 = 7k where k is a natural number.
Multiplying both sides by 10, we get
10D2 – 20D1 = 70k
Adding D1 to both sides, we get
(10D2 + D1) – 20D1 = 70k + D1
or (10D2 + D1) = 70k + D1 + 20D1
or D = 70k + 21D1 = 7(10k + 3D1) = a multiple of 7.
So D is divisible by 7. (proved.)
Proof of (ii):
D is divisible by 7
So D1 + 10D2 is divisible by 7
D1 + 10D2 = 7k where k is a natural number.
Subtracting 21D1 from both sides, we get
10D2 – 20D1 = 7k – 21D1
or 10(D2 – 2D1) = 7(k – 3D1)
where 10(D2 – 2D1) is divisible by 7
Since 10 is not divisible by 7, (D2 – 2D1) is divisible by 7. (Proved.)
In the same way, we can prove the divisibility rule for any prime divisor.
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